Tecumseh and William
Henry Harrison, ambitious and intelligent men, experienced conflicting
aspirations that led to severe repercussions. Both had a strong interest in
land, who should reside on it and they served as mighty warriors for their
people. Tecumseh strived to unite Native
Americans from all over the country to stop the invasion of white settlers and
was noted as a great orator. Harrison sought to satisfy the whims of a steadily
growing white population and convert territories to statehood with
self-sufficient governance. That meant
the increase of population of Euro-Americans in scarcely populated territories.
Both men bucked horns when they discussed their differences in which Harrison
ended up the victor and the Native American people lost large portions of land,
their livelihood and their endearing self-preservation.
Tecumseh was born in 1768. Early in his life, he discovered
that he despised the Americans because of the atrocities they inflicted on the
Shawnee people and their land. He also did not like some of the things he
witnessed Indians doing to the white men. Trained to be a warrior by his older
brother Cheeseekau, he proceeded with any type of altercation with as little
violence as possible. Tecumseh did not believe in torture. He believed a quick
kill was best and the most humane.
During the late 1780s, Tecumseh went on many raids
against white settlers. He joined his brother Cheeseekau and a small band of
Shawnee warriors in Tennessee where they met a group of Cherokee Chickamauga to
continue with raiding activities. Cheeseekau died in one of the skirmishes so
Tecumseh became the leader of the Shawnee band. He returned to Ohio to assist
Chief Bluejacket battle the U.S. Army. Bluejacket and Tecumseh led a scouting
party to help defeat General St. Clair’s army at the bloody Battle of Wabash
River. Tecumseh fought at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on the Mauma River and
lost to General Anthony Wayne and his army. Both sides signed the Treaty of
Greenville except Tecumseh. He would not sign any treaty and willingly give up
land that he thought belonged to the Indian people (History.com Editors, 2019).
During the early 1800s, Tecumseh settled in Ohio and
served as a respected leader, war chief and speaker. In 1805, his younger
brother Lalawethika declared after an alcohol induced vision, that it was his
intention to reclaim their lands and culture. He changed his name to
Tenskwatawa and shortly afterwards he was referred to as the “Prophet.” After
he predicted the solar eclipse in 1806, a massive number of Indian people came
from various locations to become followers of the prophet. In 1808, Tecumseh
and the Prophet moved their ever-growing alliance to Prophetstown which was
near the Wabash and Tippecanoe rivers in present-day Indiana (History.com
Editors, 2019).
Harrison was born in Virginia on February 9, 1773. His father, Benjamin Harrison (1726 – 91)
signed the Declaration of Independence and served as the governor of Virginia. In
1791, he dropped his studies in medicine to pursue a career of becoming a
soldier. Known as an “Indian fighter,” he either negotiated through treaties or
fought battles to gain access to land once inhabited by Native Americans.
Harrison was cited for bravery in the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 (Matuz,
2012). The Americans won this battle which opened up much of Ohio to white
settlement. Harrison, promoted to captain as a result of this win, became the
commander of Ohio’s Fort Washington which is near present-day Cincinnati. As a
result of treaties negotiated by Harrison with Indian people, he gained access
to millions of acres of land (History.com Editors, 2009).
He
was given instruction to have the Indian people sign as many treaties as
possible to give up their land, Thomas Jefferson and Congress were some of the
governmental leaders who supported the establishment of treaties. Harrison was
successful at acquiring land from the Native Americans and not always by act of
treaties, he also fought wars against the indigenous people. The Treaty of Fort
Wayne afforded the federal government additional land. Several of the tribes
gave up 3 million acres of land in exchange for annual payments ranging from
$200. to $5,000. Harrison did not experience success with Tecumseh and his
brother Tenskwatawa who was referred to as the prophet because he predicted an
eclipse.
Tecumseh feared that many Shawnee and other
Ohio Valley Indians had become dependent on trading with the Americans for
guns, cloth, and metal goods and he was adamantly against such dependence.
Tecumseh wanted all Indian people to return to their traditional ways. White
settlers readily encroached on their government-recognized tribal land holdings
(History.com Editors, 2019). The American government did not want to ruffle the
feathers of the settlers. Also, it was the wish of Harrison to populate the
Northwest territory and convert territorial land into states. Harrison viewed
Tecumseh as a threat to that happening. “He was heartily tired of living in a
Territory, one of the fairest of the globe condemned to be a state of nature,
the haunt of a few wretched savages” (Sugden, 1997, pg. 215).
In 1809, Tecumseh
focused heavily on building a confederacy to fight against white settler
encroachment which consisted of Native Americans who resided in various
locations. He managed to persuade Indians from the Old Northwest and the deep
South to unite and resist. They accumulated enough strength to stop the whites
from taking more land. Hope rose abundant while Indians from Minnesota to
Florida joined forces to prevent whites from taking their precious land. By
1810, he established the Ohio Valley Confederacy and the following nations were
part of the confederacy: Shawnee, Potawatomi, Kickapoo, Winnebago, Menominee,
Ottawa, and Wyandot (History.com Editors, 2019).
Tecumseh
traveled great distances to promote his pan-Indian alliance. He persuaded many
Native American people to join him through powerful speeches which involve
their need to overcome the invaders’ takeover of their precious land. They
needed to unite and resist the American way of life. Harrison felt Tecumseh served
as a threat to the Americans realizing their dream of taking over country and
its resources.
A legendary
meeting between Tecumseh and Harrison was held in Vincennes which began on
August 15, 1810. Tecumseh wanted the meeting held at his headquarters and the
capital of his Indian Confederacy, Prophetstown. Harrison refused so Tecumseh
gave in to the governor’s demands. Tecumseh feared this was the man he was
fighting for the northwest. Tecumseh led his associates into Vincennes and they
camped near a clearing in a small grove of trees close to Grouseland where
Harrison’s large two-story home with tall chimneys was located. Harrison and
his followers, seated on a platform, motioned Tecumseh to take a seat. Tecumseh
refused and said “was the most proper place for the Indians as they liked to
repose upon the bosom of their mother” (Sugden, 1997, page 198). He sat with
his entourage on the grass in front of the platform.
The two men
faced each other, Tecumseh was more passionate about why he was at the meeting
while Harrison sat mildly alert. Tecumseh spent several days trying to convince
Harrison to no avail about his point of view. Harrison listened to what
Tecumseh had to say and would not give into Tecumseh’s requests. A short break
occurred and when the conference resumed on August 20th both sides
were at a stalemate and immense tension existed. In attendance at the
conference were the territorial supreme court, the secretary of the territory,
several army officers and unarmed citizens. Thirteen soldiers from Fort Knox
stood guard. Tecumseh and several other Indians were in attendance along with
the chief of the Weas who approved the treaty of Fort Wayne. The Potawatomi
chief Winamek, a hated adversary, who lived under the threat of being killed
for his indiscretions, also supported the aforementioned treaty. He remained
silent while he sat next to Harrison on the grass armed holding pistols.
Tecumseh
continued to patiently try to make his point of stopping the invasion onto the
Native American’s territory. He spoke about how the Americans identified
individual tribes as owners of tracts of land for the purpose of future
purchases. He was against the chiefs who had agreed to the land deals. Unsure
if the treaties were approved by the American president, he spoke of them as
being invalid and unfairly negotiated due to the ignorance of the Indian people
who signed them. A meeting at Brownstown would be held in the near future to
discuss the chiefs who signed the treaties and these individuals were to be
punished, the deaths of these individuals rest with the United States and the
Americans need to stop future treaties from being established. Harrison spent
many years speaking with tribal leaders but he never met one like Tecumseh
before. Tecumseh spoke confidently for all tribes on the continent. Tecumseh
did not support the use of war to solve the land disagreements but felt future
wars were unavoidable due to American policies. Tecumseh pleaded for justice
and avowed that his people were being oppressed. He stood firm and said they
did not want annuities, they wanted their land.
“Brothers
they want to save that piece of land. We do not wish you to take it. It is
small enough for our purposes. If you do take it you must blame yourself as the
cause of trouble between us and the tribes who sold it to you. I want to
present boundary line to continue. Should you cross it, I assure you it will be
productive of bad consequences” (Sugden, 1997, page 202).
The
Wyandot, Kickapoo, Potawatomi, and Winnebago speakers relayed the same message
and stated that Tecumseh was their leader. Harrison and Tecumseh would not
yield to the each other. Harrison said the lands were appropriately purchased.
Both men saw no end to the conflict. The Governor told Tecumseh that he would
send his concerns to the President.
…”as the Great Chief is to determine
the matter; I hope the Great Spirit will put some sense into his head to induce
him to direct you to give up this land. It is true, he is so far off. He will
not be injured by the war. He may still sit in his town, and drink his wine,
whilst you and I will have to fight it out” (Sugden, 1997, page 202).
The meeting
ended without a satisfactory conclusion for either party. However, Tecumseh
made the mistake of letting Harrison know that he planned to travel south to
continue his recruitment of Indian people to join the confederacy. The
unfortunate announcement served as the detriment to the confederacy and the
future of the Native Americans.
Tecumseh’s
organized resistance led Harrison to travel to Prophetstown. He arrived during
the evening of November 6, 1811. Soon after he arrived, he was met with a white
flag requesting a cease fire until Tecumseh and Harrison could conduct a parley
before any action was taken since Tecumseh was away recruiting warriors from
the “Five Civilized Tribes.” These
tribes were experiencing an invasion of white settlers. The request represented
a delay. Harrison was tired so he agreed to Tenskwatawa’s terms.
His force settled on a hill
approximately a mile from Prophetstown on the banks of Burnett Creek. He did
not trust Tenskwatawa’s cease fire request. The troops were ordered to form a
rectangular defensive position for the evening. The front line was armed with
militia and 300 regulars in reserve in case reinforcement was necessary. The
southern section fell under the command of Captain Spier Spencer of the Indiana
Yellow Jackets named for the yellow overcoats they wore into battle.
Harrison’s fears were realized when
Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) wanted to break the cease fire. Tecumseh warned his
brother to not incite war until the Confederacy was strengthened. The Prophet
stood on a rock ledge above Prophetstown which was called Prophet’s Rock and
enraged his followers into battle by chanting and singing war songs. He
promised his rantings would protect the warriors from bullets.
At 4:00 in the morning Harrison’s
men were completely surrounded by the Prophet’s warriors. The warriors attacked
the northern end of the American rectangle and fired the first shots of the
battle. The rest of the sleeping soldiers, awakened by the ruckus, joined the
rest of the soldiers. A fierce attack occurred on the southern section of the
American rectangle which caused Captain Spencer’s yellow jackets to retreat.
Two commanding lieutenants lost their lives to the swarming warriors.
Harrison transferred Captain David
Robb and Indian Mounted Rifles from the northern section to provide aid to the
southern section of the rectangle. The warriors were forced to withdraw since
Harrison augmented their defenses. A second wave of warrior attacks on the
northern and southern flanks occurred. The Americans held their own against the
fierceness of the attacks. The battle was being fought with equal force from
both sides.
The fighting continued for
approximately two hours until Harrison’s superior numbers and firepower forced
the warriors to retreat. The braves returned to Prophetstown fed up with the
Prophet’s failed promises to protect them. They abandoned Prophetstown, leaving
it vulnerable to Harrison’s raid.
On November 8, 1811, Harrison rode
into Prophetstown and torched the entire town. Tecumseh returned three months
after the battle between Harrison and the Prophet’s warriors to find the town
in complete ruins and no one around. Disheartened because the ruined headquarters
of the Confederacy and the missing warriors meant the end of a dream which led
to an end of much of the Indian resistance. All of Tecumseh’s hard work went
down the drain. They more or less became sitting ducks in the face of a
takeover of much of their land (Sugden, 1997).
Tecumseh
wanted to go against the Americans and their takeover of Indian land. He joined
the British with his remaining followers during the War of 1812 in Michigan. He
played a major role in defeating the American forces at the Siege of Detroit.
After the defeat of Detroit, he joined British Major-General Henry Proctor’s
regiment during the invasion of Ohio and again fought against Harrison and his
troops. Harrison invaded Canada and the British were forced to flee. Harrison
did not give up his grudge against Tecumseh. He pursued Tecumseh and his
warriors to the Thames River where Tecumseh was killed on October 5, 1813
(History.com Editors, 2019).
Some
historians in Canada refer to Tecumseh as the Father of Canada. He fought hard
to conquer the Americans in Canada. He was relentless. His loyalty was never to
Canada or to the British in Canada. His dream involved his pan-Indian movement
that would secure land for his people, the land that was necessary for the
Indian people to carry out their traditional way of life. In his untimely
death, the Canadians and British were only slightly less his enemies than the
Americans (Goltz, 1983).
The Prophet’s Curse (Tecumseh’s brother Tenskwatawa)
“When Harrison was nominated as one of eh stable of Whig
candidates in 1836, the Shawnee Prophet, whom he had defeated in the Battle of
Tippecanoe, emerged again to put a curse on him. ‘Harrison will not win this
year to be the Great Chief,’ he predicted, ‘but he may win next time. If he
does… he will not finish his term. He will die in office. […] And when he does,
you will remember my brother Tecumseh’s death. You think that I have lost my
powers. I who caused the sun to darken and red men to give up firewater. But I
tell, Harrison will, and after him every Great Chief chosen every twenty years
thereafter shall also die. When each one dies, let everyone remember the death
of my people.’ An idle threat? Who knows? But the fact is, The twenty-year
cycle of death played itself out with Harrison (1840), Lincoln (1860), Garfield
(1880), McKinley (1900), Harding (1920), Franklin D. Roosevelt (1940), and
Kennedy (1960). Only Ronald Reagan, elected in 1980, escaped the curse, though
he was shot in an assassination attempt” (Matuz, 2012, page 161).
Greenville Treaty of 1795
WYANDOTS, DELAWARES, ETC.
[concluded August 3, 1795]
A treaty of peace between the United States of
America, and the tribes of Indians called the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees,
Ottawas, Chippewas, Pattawatimas, Miamis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos,
Piankeshaws, and Kaskaskias.
To put an end to a destructive war, to settle
all controversies, and to restore harmony and friendly intercourse between the
said United States and Indian tribes, Anthony Wayne, major general
commanding the army of the United States, and sole commissioner for the good
purposes above mentioned, and the said tribes of Indians, by their sachems,
chiefs, and warriors, met together at Greenville, the headquarters of the said
army, have agreed on the following articles, which, when ratified by the
President, with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States,
shall be binding on them and the said Indian tribes.
Henceforth all hostilities shall cease; peace is
hereby established, and shall be perpetual; and a friendly intercourse shall
take place between the said United States and Indian tribes.
All prisoners shall, on both sides, be restored.
The Indians, prisoners to the United States, shall be immediately set at
liberty. The people of the United States, still remaining prisoners among the
Indians, shall be delivered up in ninety days from the date hereof, to the
general or commanding officer at Greenville, fort Wayne, or fort Defiance; and
ten chiefs of the said tribes shall remain at Greenville as hostages, until the
delivery of the prisoners shall be effected.
The general boundary line between the lands of
the United States and the lands of the said Indian tribes, shall begin at the
mouth of Cayahoga river, and run thence up the same to the portage, between
that and the Tuscarawas branch of the Muskingum, thence down that branch to the
crossing place above fort Lawrence, thence westerly to a fork of that branch of
the Great Miami river, running into the Ohio, at or near which fork stood
Loromie's store, and where commences the portage between the Miami of the Ohio,
and St. Mary's river, which is a branch of the Miami which runs into lake Erie;
thence a westerly course to fort Recovery, which stands on a branch of the
Wabash; thence southwesterly in a direct line to the Ohio, so as to intersect
that river opposite the mouth of Kentucke or Cuttawa river. And in
consideration of the peace now established; of the goods formerly received from
the United States; of those now to be delivered; and of the yearly delivery of
goods now stipulated to be made hereafter; and to indemnify the United States
for the injuries and expenses they have sustained during the war, the said
Indian tribes do hereby cede and relinquish forever, all their claims to the
lands lying eastwardly and southwardly of the general boundary line now
described: and these lands, or any part of them, shall never hereafter be made
a cause or pretence, on the part of the said tribes, or any of them, of war or
injury to the United States, or any of the people thereof.
And for the same considerations, and as an
evidence of the returning friendship of the said Indian tribes, of their
confidence in the United States, and desire to provide for their
accommodations, and for that convenient intercourse which will be beneficial to
both parties, the said Indian tribes do also cede to the United States the
following pieces of land, to wit:
1)One piece of land six
miles square, at or near Loromie's store, before mentioned.
2) One piece two
miles square, at the head of the navigable water or landing, on the St. Mary's
river, near Girty's town.
3) One piece six
miles square, at the head of the navigable water of the Auglaize river.
4) One piece six
miles square, at the confluence of the Auglaize and Miami rivers, where fort
Defiance now stands.
5) One piece six
miles square, at or near the confluence of the rivers St. Mary's and St.
Joseph's, where Fort Wayne now stands, or near it.
6) One piece two
miles square, on the Wabash river, at the end of the portage from the Miami of
the lake, and about eight miles westward from Fort Wayne.
7) One piece six
miles square, at the Ouatanon, or Old Wea towns, on the Wabash river.
8) One piece twelve
miles square, at the British fort on the Miami of the lake, at the foot of the
rapids.
9) One piece six
miles square, at the mouth of the said river, where it empties into the lake.
10) One piece six
miles square, upon Sandusky lake, where a fort formerly stood.
11) One piece two
miles square, at the lower rapids of Sandusky river.
12) The post of
Detroit, and all the land to the north, the west and the south of it, of which
the Indian title has been extinguished by gifts or grants to the French or
English governments: and so much more land to be annexed to the district of
Detroit, as shall be comprehended between the river Rosine, on the south, lake
St. Clair on the north, and a line, the general course whereof shall be six
miles distant from the west end of lake Erie and Detroit river.
13) The post of
Michilimackinac, and all the land on the island on which that post stands, and
the main land adjacent, of which the Indian title has been extinguished by
gifts or grants to the Frewnch or English governments; and a piece of land on
the main to the north of the island, to measure six miles, on lake Huron, or
the strait between lakes Huron and Michigan, and to extend three miles back
from the water of the lake or strait; and also, the Island De Bois Blane, being
an extra and voluntary gift of the Chippewa nation.
14) One piece of land
six miles square, at the mouth of Chikago river, emptying into the southwest
end of lake Michigan, where a fort formerly stood.
15)One piece twelve miles
square, at or near the mouth of the Illinois river, emptying into the
Mississippi.
16) One piece six
miles square, at the old Piorias fort and village near the south end of the
Illinois lake, on said Illinois river. And whenever the United States shall
think proper to survey and mark the boundaries of the lands hereby ceded to
them, they shall give timely notice thereof to the said tribes of Indians, that
they may appoint some of their wise chiefs to attend and see that the lines are
run according to the terms of this treaty.
And the said Indian tribes will allow to the
people of the United States a free passage by land and by water, as one and the
other shall be found convenient, through their country, along the chain of
posts hereinbefore mentioned; that is to say, from the commencement of the
portage aforesaid, at or near Loromie's store, thence along said portage to the
St. Mary's, and down the same to fort Wayne, and then down the Miami, to lake
Erie; again, from the commencement of the portage at or near Loromie's store
along the portage from thence to the river Auglaize, and down the same to its
junction with the Miami at fort Defiance; again, from the commencement of the
portage aforesaid, to Sandusky river, and down the same to Sandusky bay and
lake Erie, and from Sandusky to the post which shall be taken at or near the
foot of the Rapids of the Miami of the lake; and from thence to Detroit. Again,
from the mouth of Chikago, to the commencement of the portage, between that
river and the Illinois, and down the Illinois river to the Mississippi; also,
from fort Wayne, along the portage aforesaid, which leads to the Wabash, and
then down the Wabash to the Ohio. And the said Indian tribes will also allow to
the people of the United States, the free use of the harbors and mouths of
rivers along the lakes adjoining the Indian lands, for sheltering vessels and
boats, and liberty to land their cargoes where necessary for their safety.
In consideration of the peace now established,
and of the cessions and relinquishments of lands made in the preceding article
by the said tribes of Indians, and to manifest the liberality of the United
States, as the great means of rendering this peace strong and perpetual, the
United States relinquish their claims to all other Indian lands northward of
the river Ohio, eastward of the Mississippi, and westward and southward of the
Great Lakes and the waters, uniting them, according to the boundary line agreed
on by the United States and the King of Great Britain, in the treaty of peace
made between them in the year 1783. But from this relinquishment by the United
States, the following tracts of land are explicitly excepted:
1st. The tract on one
hundred and fifty thousand acres near the rapids of the river Ohio, which has
been assigned to General Clark, for the use of himself and his warriors.
2nd. The post of St.
Vincennes, on the River Wabash, and the lands adjacent, of which the Indian
title has been extinguished.
3rd. The lands at all
other places in possession of the French people and other white settlers among
them, of which the Indian title has been extinguished as mentioned in the 3d
article; and
4th. The post of fort
Massac towards the mouth of the Ohio. To which several parcels of land so
excepted, the said tribes relinquish all the title and claim which they or any
of them may have.
And for the same considerations and with the
same views as above mentioned, the United States now deliver to the said Indian
tribes a quantity of goods to the value of twenty thousand dollars, the receipt
whereof they do hereby acknowledge; and henceforward every year, forever, the
United States will deliver, at some convenient place northward of the river
Ohio, like useful goods, suited to the circumstances of the Indians, of the
value of nine thousand five hundred dollars; reckoning that value at the first
cost of the goods in the city or place in the United States where they shall be
procured. The tribes to which those goods are to be annually delivered, and the
proportions in which they are to be delivered, are the following:
1st. To the Wyandots,
the amount of one thousand dollars.
2nd. To the Delawares,
the amount of one thousand dollars.
3rd. To the Shawnees,
the amount of one thousand dollars.
4th. To the Miamis, the
amount of one thousand dollars.
5th. To the Ottawas,
the amount of one thousand dollars.
6th. To the Chippewas,
the amount of one thousand dollars.
7th.To the Pattawatimas, the
amount of one thousand dollars, and
8th. To the Kickapoo,
Wea, Eel River, Piankeshaw, and Kaskaskia tribes, the amount of five hundred
dollars each.
Provided, that if either of the said tribes
shall hereafter, at an annual delivery of their share of the goods aforesaid,
desire that a part of their annuity should be furnished in domestic animals,
implements of husbandry, and other utensils convenient for them, and in
compensation to useful artificers who may reside with or near them, and be
employed for their benefit, the same shall, at the subsequent annual
deliveries, be furnished accordingly.
To prevent any misunderstanding about the Indian
lands relinquished by the United States in the fourth article, it is now
explicitly declared, that the meaning of that relinquishment is this: the
Indian tribes who have a right to those lands, are quietly to enjoy them,
hunting, planting, and dwelling thereon, so long as they please, without any
molestation from the United States; but when those tribes, or any of them,
shall be disposed to sell their lands, or any part of them, they are to be sold
only to the United States; and until such sale, the United States will protect
all the said Indian tribes in the quiet enjoyment of their lands against all
citizens of the United States, and against all other white persons who intrude
upon the same. And the said Indian tribes again acknowledge themselves to be
under the protection of the said United States, and no other power whatever.
If any citizen of the United States, or any
other white person or persons, shall presume to settle upon the lands now
relinquished by the United States, such citizen or other person shall be out of
the protection of the United States; and the Indian tribe, on whose land the
settlement shall be made, may drive off the settler, or punish him in such
manner as they shall think fit; and because such settlements, made without the
consent of the United States, will be injurious to them as well as to the
Indians, the United States shall be at liberty to break them up, and remove and
punish the settlers as they shall think proper, and so effect that protection
of the Indian lands herein before stipulated.
The said tribes of Indians, parties to this
treaty, shall be at liberty to hunt within the territory and lands which they
have now ceded to the United States, without hindrance or molestation, so long
as they demean themselves peaceably, and offer no injury to the people of the
United States.
Trade shall be opened with the said Indian
tribes; and they do hereby respectively engage to afford protection to such
persons, with their property, as shall be duly licensed to reside among them
for the purpose of trade; and to their agents and servants; but no person shall
be permitted to reside among them for the purpose of trade; and to their agents
and servants; but no person shall be permitted to reside at any of their towns
or hunting camps, as a trader, who is not furnished with a license for that
purpose, under the hand and seal of the superintendent of the department
northwest of the Ohio, or such other person as the President of the United
States shall authorize to grant such licenses; to the end, that the said
Indians may not be imposed on in their trade.* And if any licensed trader shall
abuse his privilege by unfair dealing, upon complaint and proof thereof, his
license shall be taken from him, and he shall be further punished according to
the laws of the United States. And if any person shall intrude himself as a
trader, without such license, the said Indians shall take and bring him before
the superintendent, or his deputy, to be dealt with according to law. And to
prevent impositions by forged licenses, the said Indians shall, at lease once a
year, give information to the superintendent, or his deputies, on the names of
the traders residing among them.
Lest the firm peace and friendship now
established, should be interrupted by the misconduct of individuals, the United
States, and the said Indian tribes agree, that for injuries done by individuals
on either side, no private revenge or retaliation shall take place; but instead
thereof, complaint shall be made by the party injured, to the other: by the
said Indian tribes or any of them, to the President of the United States, or
the superintendent by him appointed; and by the superintendent or other person
appointed by the President, to the principal chiefs of the said Indian tribes,
or of the tribe to which the offender belongs; and such prudent measures shall
then be taken as shall be necessary to preserve the said peace and friendship
unbroken, until the legislature (or great council) of the United States, shall
make other equitable provision in the case, to the satisfaction of both
parties. Should any Indian tribes meditate a war against the United States, or
either of them, and the same shall come to the knowledge of the before
mentioned tribes, or either of them, they do hereby engage to give immediate
notice thereof to the general, or officer commanding the troops of the United
States, at the nearest post.
And should any tribe, with hostile intentions
against the United States, or either of them, attempt to pass through their
country, they will endeavor to prevent the same, and in like manner give
information of such attempt, to the general, or officer commanding, as soon as
possible, that all causes of mistrust and suspicion may be avoided between them
and the United States. In like manner, the United States shall give notice to
the said Indian tribes of any harm that may be meditated against them, or
either of them, that shall come to their knowledge; and do all in their power
to hinder and prevent the same, that the friendship between them may be
uninterrupted.
All other treaties heretofore made between the
United States, and the said Indian tribes, or any of them, since the treaty of
1783, between the United States and Great Britain, that come within the purview
of this treaty, shall henceforth cease and become void.
In testimony whereof, the said Anthony
Wayne, and the sachems and war chiefs of the before mentioned nations and
tribes of Indians, have hereunto set their hands and affixed their seals. Done
at Greenville, in the territory of the United States northwest of the river
Ohio, on the third day of August, one thousand seven hundred and ninety five.
Tarhe, or Crane, his x mark L.S. J. Williams,
jun. his x mark, L.S. Teyyaghtaw, his x mark, L.S. Haroenyou, or half king's
son, his x mark, L.S. Tehaawtorens, his x mark, L.S. Awmeyeeray, his x mark,
L.S. Stayetah, his x mark L.S. Shateyyaronyah, or Leather Lips, his x mark,
L.S. Daughshuttayah, his x mark L.S. Shaawrunthe, his x mark L.S.
DELAWARES.
Tetabokshke, or Grand Glaize King, his x mark,
L.S. Lemantanquis, or Black King, his x mark, L.S. Wabatthoe, his x mark, L.S.
Maghpiway, or Red Feather, his x mark, L.S. Kikthawenund, or Anderson, his x
mark, L.S. Bukongehelas, his x mark, L.S. Peekeelund, his x mark, L.S.
Wellebawkeelund, his x mark, L.S. Peekeetelemund, or Thomas Adams, his x mark,
L.S. Kishkopekund, or Captain Buffalo, his x mark, L.S. Amenahehan, or Captain
Crow, his x mark, L.S. Queshawksey, or George Washington, his x mark, L.S.
Weywinquis, or Billy Siscomb, his x mark, L.S. Moses, his x mark, L.S.
SHAWNEES.
Misquacoonacaw, or Red Pole, his x mark, L.S.
Cutthewekasaw, or Black Hoof, his x mark, L.S. Kaysewaesekah, his x mark, L.S.
Weythapamattha, his x mark, L.S. Nianysmeka, his x mark, L.S. Waytheah, or Long
Shanks, his x mark, L.S. Weyapiersenwaw, or Blue Jacket, his x mark, L.S.
Nequetaughaw, his x mark, L.S. Hahgoosekaw, or Captain Reed, his x mark, L.S.
OTTAWAS.
Augooshaway, his x mark, L.S. Keenoshameek, his
x mark, L.S. La Malice, his x mark, L.S. Machiwetah, his x mark, L.S.
Thowonawa, his x mark, L.S. Secaw, his x mark, L.S.
CHIPPEWAS.
Mashipinashiwish, or Bad Bird, his x mark, L.S.
Nahshogashe, (from Lake Superior), his x mark, L.S. Kathawasung, his x mark,
L.S. Masass, his x mark, L.S. Nemekass, or Little Thunder, his x mark, L.S.
Peshawkay, or Young Ox, his x mark, L.S. Nanguey, his x mark, L.S. Meenedohgeesogh,
his x mark, L.S. Peewanshemenogh, his x mark, L.S. Weymegwas, his x mark, L.S.
Gobmaatick, his x mark, L.S.
OTTAWA.
Chegonickska, an Ottawa from Sandusky, his x
mark, L.S.
PATTAWATIMAS OF THE RIVER ST. JOSEPH.
Thupenebu, his x mark, L.S. Nawac, for himself
and brother Etsimethe,
his x mark, L.S. Nenanseka, his x mark, L.S. Keesass, or Run, his x mark, L.S.
Kabamasaw, for himself and brother Chisaugan,
his x mark, L.S. Sugganunk, his x mark, L.S. Wapmeme, or White Pigeon, his x
mark, L.S. Wacheness, for himself and brother Pedagoshok,
his x mark, L.S. Wabshicawnaw, his x mark, L.S. La Chasse, his x mark, L.S.
Meshegethenogh, for himself and brother,
Wawasek, his x mark, L.S. Hingoswash, his x mark, L.S. Anewasaw, his x mark,
L.S. Nawbudgh, his x mark, L.S. Missenogomaw, his x mark, L.S. Waweegshe, his x
mark, L.S. Thawme, or Le Blanc, his x mark, L.S. Geeque, for himself and
brother Shewinse, his x mark, L.S.
PATTAWATIMAS OF HURON.
Okia, his x mark, L.S. Chamung, his x mark, L.S.
Segagewan, his x mark, L.S. Nanawme, for himself and brother A. Gin, his x
mark, L.S. Marchand, his x mark, L.S. Wenameac, his x mark, L.S.
MIAMIS.
Nagohquangogh, or Le Gris, his x mark, L.S.
Meshekunnoghquoh, or Little Turtle, his x mark, L.S.
MIAMIS AND EEL RIVERS.
Peejeewa, or Richard Ville, his x mark, L.S.
Cochkepoghtogh, his x mark, L.S.
EEL RIVER TRIBE.
Shamekunnesa, or Soldier, his x mark, L.S.
MIAMIS.
Wapamangwa, or the White Loon, his x mark, L.S.
WEAS, FOR THEMSELVES AND THE PIANKESHAWS.
Amacunsa, or Little Beaver, his x mark, L.S.
Acoolatha, or Little Fox, his x mark, L.S. Francis, his x mark, L.S.
KICKAPOOS AND KASKASKIAS.
Keeawhah, his x mark, L.S. Nemighka, or Josey
Renard, his x mark, L.S. Paikeekanogh, his x mark, L.S.
DELAWARES OF SANDUSKY.
Hawkinpumiska, his x mark, L.S. Peyamawksey, his
x mark, L.S. Reyntueco, (of the Six Nations, living at Sandusky), his x mark,
L.S.
H. De Butts, first A.D.C. and Sec'ry to Major
Gen. Wayne, Wm. H. Harrison, Aid de Camp to Major Gen. Wayne, T. Lewis, Aid de
Camp to Major Gen. Wayne, James O'Hara, Quartermaster Gen'l. John Mills, Major
of Infantry, and Adj. Gen'l. Caleb Swan, P.M.T.U.S. Gen. Demter, Lieut.
Artillery, Vigo, P. Frs. La Fontaine, Ast. Lasselle, Sworn interpreters. H.
Lasselle, Wm. Wells, Js. Beau Bien, Jacques Lasselle, David Jones, Chaplain
U.S.S. M. Morins, Lewis Beaufait, Bt. Sans Crainte, R. Lachambre, Christopher
Miller, Jas. Pepen, Robert Wilson, Baties Coutien, Abraham Williams, his x mark
P. Navarre. Isaac Zane, his x mark
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